Thursday, October 31, 2019
What are the ultimate principles of morals for both Hume and Kant Essay
What are the ultimate principles of morals for both Hume and Kant - Essay Example He goes on to observe that only good will is good sans qualification. Good will is always good in itself and not just for the things that it produces. Will is good if will comes from duty, as well as other moral motives, which do not simply conform to duty. For instance, grocers who give the right change because of fairness, rather than from the fear of being caught, do so from good will. The reasoning goal is not in producing happiness but rather producing will that can be seen to be good in it. The satisfaction of man’s desires, which is happiness, is not determinate enough to use as a workable guide. Good will cannot act as the complete and sole good, although it is the worthy condition of being happy and the highest good. Complete good can only be goodwill combined with happiness. Rationality possesses its own laws of objectiveness. Because man is rational only partially, he experiences the various laws as constraints and imperatives that he is required to follow. These im peratives are grounded on the premise that is valid for all rational beings as such. These imperatives, according to Kant, could be hypothetical, i.e. if one wants to get to end E, then he should do A, or categorical, which is he ought to perform A. Ethics that are based on imperatives that are hypothetical are heteronymous because they involve following laws set by another. Categorical imperatives are hard to understand, although their content is clear. The basic imperative of category states that man acts on principle and these principles can be willed on everybody (Laursen 21). Ethics and morals are autonomous if they are based on categorical imperatives because man follows their own laws. Kant’s supreme moral principle is the universal law formula, which contends that man should act on a maxim that they follow to be used as a universal law (Laursen 23). Kant continues by applying his formula to two duties that are perfect and exception-less. These are not making promises with deceit and not committing suicide, as well as two imperfect duties, which to help those who have needs and development of one’s talents. These ideas can be expressed more loosely in two ways. Firstly, it is to treat all humanity, both you and others, not as a means only, but also as an end in itself (Laursen 23). Secondly, man should act as if one’s action maxim would be turned into nature’s universal law. Kant also connects freedom with morality. According to him, to be free means to follow one’s own principles of rationality rather than following our desires only. This means that one should follow their own legislation and act on maxims that they would follow, rather than the universal laws (Laursen 24). Therefore, freedom is morality. So morality and freedom, ultimately, are the same mystery. It is not possible to explain what free will is. It is only possible to assume what it is and reject all objections against it. Man knows that he/she is free through knowledge of his/her duties. Since probably an individual could have acted in a different way, then one is free. In order for man to recognize himself as free, he needs to see himself as being a member to two worlds. These worlds are a higher intelligible world and a sensible world. Acting in a moral way, therefore, has a supreme moral worth since through it, one participates in an existence of a higher order. This can be perceived as the foundation of human dignity as an end to itself (Laursen 24). Hume, on the other hand, contends that reason and moral sense combine to make our moral judgments. He says that moral sense is essential in making a distinction between virtue and vice,
Monday, October 28, 2019
Nurse Anesthetists Essay Example for Free
Nurse Anesthetists Essay In a career in nursing, one must possess a need to help people, as well as the scientific and educational knowledge to perform the duties required. As I complete the final years of my high school education, I realize that I must focus on my goals and interests in order to make intelligent college curriculum decisions. I have always been considering a career in health, but the opportunities and diversification in the health field have perplexed me. I have always thought the job of a nurse anesthetist was extremely interesting, and it would be a great way to contribute to helping the lives of others. In the United States, a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) is simply an advanced practice registered nurse (APRN) who has acquired graduate-level education and board certification in anesthesia and they are the oldest nurse specialty group in the U. S. However, their job isn’t that simple. Anesthesia describes drugs and gases that help to block sensation, and they keep patients unconscious while in surgery. The main goal of the CRNA (Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist), which is extremely important, is to have the patient awake free of pain. CRNAs, or Nurse Anesthetists, are responsible for administering, supervising, and monitoring anesthesia related care for those patients undergoing surgical procedures. Before the surgery, the CRNA obtains information regarding the patient’s medical history, evaluates the patient’s anesthesia needs, and develops a treatment plan with the goal of a risk-free and uncomplicated surgery. CRNA then explains the planned procedure to the patient, and answers any question that they may have. However, there are big steps that you have to take to become a CRNA. According to the American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA), here is what you need to do to become a nurse anesthetist. All would-be nurse anesthetists must have an active registered nurse (RN) license, which requires a minimum of two years of study. Applicants to nurse anesthetist programs should have at least one year of work experience as an RN working in acute care, such as an intensive care unit. Once admitted to the Anesthesia program, the registered nurse must complete twenty-four to thirty-six months of classroom and clinical experience. A bachelors degree is the minimum required educational credential for certification as a nurse anesthetist. Many training programs are structured as masters degree programs, which always require a bachelors degree. Accredited Training Programs is the most important requirement to become a nurse anesthetist. Different programs have different specific requirements for application. Upon completion of the training program, prospective nurse anesthetists need to pass the certification examination offered by the Counsel on Certification of Nurse Anesthetists, and then maintain certification by regularly taking continuing educational units. Nurse anesthetists must obtain the appropriate licenses to practice in their state by contacting the state board of nursing for more information.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Gene Expression
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Gene Expression Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the gram negative rod shaped bacteria is found in all natural and man made environments. the organism is so stubburn so that it can grow in any environment and also at high temperatures such as 420C. The unique ability of the organism is forming biofilm. The biofilms are formed by the organism with the association with a surface. The surface may be anything such as cloth, paper, glass etc and any artificial surface. It is the opportunistic pathogen which behaves neutral to the normal tissues but it infects once the defences of them are compromised. The development of the biofilm starts with the attachment of the freely moving planktonic cell to a surface. Generally the twitching motility of the P.aeruginosa helps to use its unipolar flagellum to adhere a surface. The bacterium develops colonies known as microcolonies and adhere to the surface strongly which are known as pili structures (Baron S et al.,1996). During the biofilm development several factors pla ys a key role mainly the exopolymeric matrix. The EPS matrix is not visualised directly, but it can be done by using some fluorescent dyes. The functioning of the EPS matrix in holding cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa together and forming the mature biofilms. The biofilm develops with cell division and recruitment. The cells interacts via quorum sensing and these interactions are studied under scanning electron microscopy. The biofilm formation takes place in stages and many changes are observed in its size and shape during the development. The EPS matrix is made up of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. The exopolysaccharide matrix is the important component of the biofilm. The exopolysaccharide genes such as pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB and alginate genes are responsible for the formation of pseudomonas biofilms. The locus of the psl polysacchide genes encode the cells to adhere to a surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. In this research project we try to quantify the gene expression of the above genes pilB, pslA, lecA, ureB using rpoD as the house keeping gene. The biofilms are grow invitro on microcarriers. The microcarriers made up of dextrons in the range of 60-90 µm in size are used as a surface for Pseudomonas aeruginosa to form biofilms. The microcarriers are spherical in size where the bacteria can easily adhere on surface. In this present work we try to grow planktonic cultures and biofilms cultures on the microcarriers in a fermentor separately. The genes responsible for the biofilm formation are quantified by comparing the planktonic and biofilm samples. The planktonic cells grow very rapidly whereas the bacterial adhering takes some time to form biofilm in other case. The samples are collected at regular intervals and mRNA is extracted. The gene expression is quantified using real time PCR. The relative quantification method of qPCR or real time PCR method does not require any standard curve for the analysis where the samples are normalised by using an internal control. The threshold CT values obtained from the curve are used to calculate relative quantification by comparative à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT method. The results from the planktonic and biofilm gene expression results are compared. On the other hand we also assay the nutrients such as glucose, ammonia, phosphorus and protease during the fermentation. The concentration levels of the nutrients are also compared for both biofilm and planktonic fermentation. Review of literature: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a member of gamma proteobacteria class of bacteria. The bacteria is gram negative, rod shaped and aerobic belongs to the bacterial family of pseudomonadanceae. The recent developments in the taxonomy based on the 16s ribosomal RNA or conserved macromolecules, the family members are divided into eight groups. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a species present in this group sharing the with other twelve members. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a free-living bacterium, commonly found in soil, water, skin flora and in all man made environments. The organism regularly occurs on the surfaces of the plants and animals. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an occasional pathogen to plants. It is also an increasingly emerging pathogen of clinical relevance. The organism not thrives in the normal atmosphere but also in the places with little oxygen and thus forms the colonies in natural and artificial environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen for humans, which means that it exploits some break in the host defences to initiate an infection. The bacteria never infects the uncompromised tissues, but it can infect any if the tissue defences are comprised. It can cause infections such as urinary tract, respiratory system infection, soft tissue infection dermatitis, gastro intestinal infections. It causes a variety of systemic infections in patients particularly with severe burns and immune suppressed in cases of cancer, AIDS, cystic fibrosis in lungs. Characteristics Pseudomonas aeruginosa is rod shaped gram negative bacteria. The size of it ranges between 0.5 to 0.8  µm by 1.5 to 3.0  µm. almost all the strains of Pseudomonas are motile with a unipolar flagellum. It is ubiquitous in soil ,water and on the surfaces in contact with water or soil. It has respiratory metabolism and can grow in the absence of oxygen if NO3 is available as respiratory acceptor for electron. Generally the bacterium is found in nature in the form of biofilm attached to a surface or substrate, or in the planktonic form as a unicellular organism swimming actively with its unipolar flagellum. It is one of the most vigorous and fast swimming organism found in pond waters. It can grow at temperatures at 42OC or high, but the optimum temperature is 30 to 37OC. it is resistible to a wide variety of physical conditions such as temperature and can even resist the salts, dyes, antiseptics and most commonly used antibiotics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces different types of colonies from the source they have isolated. They appear like small and rough colonies. Moreover the samples collected from the clinical sources look like a fried egg like structure which is smooth, large with elevated appearance. The other type of colonies obtained from the respiratory and urinary tract secretions looks like mucoid.this mucoid appearance is attributes for the production of alginate slime. These smooth, mucous colonies presumably plays an important part in the colonization and virulence. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces two types of soluble pigments. Pyocyanin which is a blue-green and a yellow-green and fluorescent pigment called as pyoverdin. Pyocyanin is produced abundantly in the media with low levels of iron and also functions for the iron metabolism of the organism. Many strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces pyocyanin but not all the strains does it. Although the organism is classified as the aerobic, sometimes the organism is considered as facultative anaerobe where it can adapt and proliferate the conditions with less or total O2 depletion. The organism can grow in the absence of oxygen if NO3 is available as respiratory acceptor for electron. It can ferment arginine by substrate level phosphorylation where the layers of alginate present surrounding the mucoid cells of the bacteria controls the diffusion of oxygen(Collins FM, 1955), this is witnessed in the cystic fibrosis of the lung infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is found in the biofilm form is responsible for a variety of activities involved which are natural and artificial. Resistance to antibiotics Pseudomonas aeruginosa is opportunistic pathogen, has a notorious resistance to antibiotics. The organism is very resistance towards many antibiotics due to the potential permeability barrier provided by the gram negative membrane. Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the biofilm form makes the cells impervious to the concentrations of the therapeutic antibiotic. The organism gets associated with others like actinomycytes, moulds and bacillus because of the natural environment they live. Moreover the organism have antibiotic resistance plasmids R factors and RTFs, the genes are able transferred by conjugation and transduction following the mechanism horizontal gene transfer(HGT) (Todar.K,2008). Biofilms Biofilms are defined as a matrix enclosed bacterial populations which are adherent to each surfaces or interfaces. Microbial aggregates and floccules and also adherent populations within the pore spaces of the media are spoken in the definition (Costerton J.W, et al 1995).bacterial biofilms came into existence and became significant from their first recognition in their ubiquity. The past researches show that profoundly the growth phase of the biofilms is distinct from the planktonic. In response to the surfaces proximity, bacterial cells alter their phenotypes (Costerton J.W, et al, 1995). The early stages of biofilm formation the bacteria is in stable juxta position with those of same and other species. The micro environmental conditions, cellular juxtapositions and the extra cellular polysaccharide matrix constitute to the development of the bacterial biofilm. Different bacteria responds to the specific environmental conditions with certain growth patterns, and a structurally comp lex and mature biofilm develops(Hamilton W.A et al, 1987). Physiological cooperation is the major criteria in shaping structure and juxta positions establishment to make biofilms adherent for the surfaces. It has been proposed that large suites of genes are expressed differentially regulated. Formation The formation of the biofilm initially starts with the attachment of the freely floating bacterial cells to a surface. The bacterial colonies adhere to the surface with weak vander wall forces. These colonies can lead themselves to more adhesion called as pili structures (Baron S et al.,1996). The organism adheres more to the available surface by binary fission, exopolymeric matrix is produced to develop mature biofilms. The matrix produced holds the biofilm together. Biofilm develops with cell division and recruitment, the cell in the biofilm communicate via quorum sensing. We can observe changes in shape and size in the final stages of biofilm formation. Distribution and ubiquity of biofilms The general phenotypic strategy of organism is to change in the mode of growth that to adopt to the altering growth conditions. The cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which is a ubiquitous bacterial species respond to all favourable nutrient conditions. The organism adheres to the available surface by binary fission, exopolymeric matrix is produced to develop mature biofilms. The rod shaped bacteria grows in matrix which is enclosed in a sessile growth mode. The cells are protected from the biological, antibacterial, chemical agents and adverse environmental conditions. The periodically shed planktonic cells from the biofilm provide and sacrifice the protection to the new fresh habitats can colonize with the biofilm. The adherent biofilm populations has a significant metabolic activities( Fletcher.M, 1986). The extent of biofilm formation is predicted in the particular system is based on the following principles: Metabolically active bacteria show tendency towards the surfaces for adhesion in all natural environments. In all environmental conditions the extent of biofilm formation is controlled by the available nutrient for cell respiration and exopolysaccharide production. The organic nutrients sometimes tend to associate with the surfaces, in such cases the local biofilm is difficult to trigger. This is more in extremely oligotrophical environments, but bacteria normally does not adhere to surfaces in nutrient less environments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms The communities of microbial bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) forms a definite structures with the association with surfaces are abundantly available environment. These structures are often called as biofilms which are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents. These biofilms causes chronic infections and very difficult to remove. The extracellular polymeric matrix(EPS) are known to holds the biofilm structure and it performs as a matrix. The EPS matrix holds the biofilm cells together and protects them from shear forces in fludic environments. The extra cellular matrix for Pseudomonas aeruginosa forms the biofilm development in different stages. The matrix holds the cells together on the surface and forms a critical structural design resists to many environmental changes. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm develops in a five stage multicellular cycles, the process is initiated by the attachment of planktonic (free) cells to a surface. This is followed by the formation of microcolonies. T he microcolonies are seeded and gets dispersed where the cells form the microcolonies comes out to occupy a new surface( Ma. L et al, 2009;Stoodley.P et al,2002). The EPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa composed of polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids. It is the important component of the biofilms. The exo polysaccharide genes lec A , Pil B, Psl A, alginate are responsible for the formation of Pseudomonas biofilms. The locus of the Psl exopolysaccharide encodes bacterial cells to surface and thus maintaining the biofilm structure. The matrix which is anchored by the Psl is not visualised directly during the developmental stages of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm. In addition to the present scenario of exopolysaccharides, extracellular DNA also plays an important part in . P.aeruginosa biofilm matrix (Allensen-Holm M et al, 2006). The extracellular DNA is derived from the chromosomes and it functions for signalling between the cells interconnecting the biofilm matrix. In the biofilm matrix, extracellular cellular DNA promotes cation gradients, release of genomic DNA and induces antibiotic resistance ( Mulcahy H, et al. 2008). Real time PCR Polmerase chain reaction or simply PCR is introduced by Kary mulis in 1980, which really a revolution in the molecular biology. PCR is the standard procedure to amplify small quantities of DNA molecule into large quantities. The method depends on thermal cycling which involves the continuous heating and cooling of reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of DNA. PCR applications employ a general heat stable DNA polymerase such as Taq polymerase enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus. PCR method is involves three major steps.1) Denaturation 2) Annealing 3) Elongation. In the first step DNA template is denaturated to single strand at high temperature of 940C. In the second step, single stranded DNA template annealed with primers, the temperature is 650C. At 720 C the DNA starts elongation which is third step. DNA polymerase synthesizes new complementary strand to the template DNA strand. Real time polymerase chain reaction or qualitative polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory technique which not only amplifies but also quantifies the target DNA molecule. it helps the user for detection and quantification(absolute and relative) of many specific genes in a present in a given DNA sample. The general principle of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is also used in the RT PCR. Unlike PCR, RT PCR is a new technology product is detected at the end of the reaction. There are two common methods for the product detection in RT PCR 1) Non -specific fluorescent dyes which interacts with the double stranded DNA molecule 2) Sequence specific DNA probes consists of oligonucleotides that are fluorescently labelled with reporter. The product is detected after the hybridization of the probe and complementary strand. The RT PCR is used to amplify the reversly transcribed cDNA products from the mRNA, which is becoming the effective and powerful tool in the field of molecular biology to quantify and study the gene expression. The RT PCR method is very easy to apply provides the reliable, accuracy and rapid gene expression quantification. The accurate nucleic acid quantification requires mathematical application for data analysis(Michael W.P., 2001). The real time PCR provides the very accurate and reproducible quantification of gene copies (Heid C.A., 1996). Unlike other PCR methods, RT PCR does not require post process sample handling, prevents product contamination, provides faster and accurate assay results. Real time PCR is very accurate and less labour usage than the present gene quantification methods. Nucleic acid sequence quantification has an important role in the biological research. Measuring the gene expression have been extensively used in the biological responses to various external s timuli( Tan et al, 1994; Huang et al,1995). Gene and genome quatification also used for HIV demonstrates the change in the expression level of virus in the disease period( Conner et al. 1993); (piatak et al, 1993). There are two types of quantification methods used in real time PCR: Absolute quantification Relative quantification Absolute quantification determines the input copy number generally by relating the PCR signal to a standard curve. In this method equal input amounts of sample, each sample under analysis amplifies with identical efficiency up to the point of qualitative analysis( Heid et al,1996). We quantitate the unknowns based on a known standard quantity. The unknown samples are compared to the known by creating a standard curve. The input copy number of the PCR signal is related to standard curve in absolute quantification method. Sometimes it is not necessary to know the copy number but it is important to calculate the relative change gene expression (Livak.K.J et al, 2001). The second method is relative quantification, we analyse the changes in gene expression in a given sample relative to another reference sample(untreated control sample). Relative standard again consists of two types of methods they are relative standard curve and comparative Ct method. In the relative quantification the PCR signal is related to the targeted transcript of the samples in the group. The new applications of comparative Ct method is the 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †Ct method which is efficiently useful for the analysis of qPCR data. The 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †Ct method(Livak.K.J et al , 2001): Derivation of 2-à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †Ct method: The equation for the amplification of PCR can be written as: Xn=X0 (1+Ex)n(1) Where Xn is the number of target molecules at cycle n of the reaction. X0 is the initial number opf target molecules. Ex is the efficiency of the target amplicon. n is the number of cycles CT is the threshold cycle, indicates the fractional cycle at which the amount of amplified target reaches a fixed threshold. XT =X0 (1+Ex)CT.X=Kx(2) Where XT is the threshold number of target molecules. CTX is the threshold cycle for target molecule and Kx is constant. A similar reaction for the internal control gene is RT =R0 (1+ER)CTR=KR-(3) Where RT is the threshold number of reference molecules R0 is the initial number of reference molecules ER is the efficiency of the reference molecule. CT.R is the threshold cycle for reference amplicon. KR is a constant. Dividing XT and RT, we get , (XT/ RT )= (X0 (1+Ex)CT.X) / (R0 (1+ER)CT.R )= (Kx / KR ) = K-(4) For real time amplification using Taqman probes the exact values of the XT and RT depend upon the number of factors including the reporter dye and fluorescence properties of the probes, efficiency and purity of the probe, florescence threshold setting. Thus k cannot be equal to one. Assume the efficiencies of target and the reference as equal. ER = Ex=E (X0 / R0) (1+ E) CT.X- CT.R =K(5) XN (1+E)-à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT =K-(6) Where XN is equal to the normalised amount of target gene (X0 / R0) and à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT is the difference of the threshold cycles of target and reference (CT.X- CT.R ). The expression can be written as XN=K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT -(7) If we divide the whole equation by XN for any sample q by XN as the calibrator(cb) XN.q /XN.cb ={[ K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ †CTq ]/[ K(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ †CTcb ]} =(1+E) -à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT Here -à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT = -(à ¢Ã‹â€ †CTq -à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT.cb) For amplicons which are designed less than 150 bp, primer and magnesium concentration are optimised, the efficiency is nearly equal to 1. Therefore the amount of target gene, normalized to an endogenous reference which is relative to a calibrator, taken as Amount of target =2-à ¢Ã‹â€ †à ¢Ã‹â€ †CT . When the threshold is set for n standard deviations in the plot , above the mean of the base line emission from cycles 0 to n. The standard deviations is calculated from the data attained from base line of the amplification plot. When the fluorescence exceeds the threshold limit, CT values are determined at that point. The CT values are ten times more than the standard deviation of base line. The point at which amplification plot crosses the threshold can be defined as CT (Heid et al, 1996). Materials and methods Identifying pseudomonas aeruginosa Gram straining: Prepare a small amount of smear on a clear glass slide. Heat fix the smear to slide. Add a drop of crystal violet on to smear allow for 60 seconds. Rinse the slide with water. Add a drop of grams iodine to the smear allow for 60 seconds. Rinse the slide with water. Add 95% absolute ethanol to destain the crystal violet. Rinse again with water. Add a drop of saffronin over the smear, allow for 60 seconds. Rinse with water. Blot dry the slide, do not rub. Observe the smear under microscope. 10. If the colour of the bacteria appears pink it is gram negative, it is gram positive if it appears purple. Rod shaped pink coloured bacteria is clearly observed for gram negative pseudomonas aeruginosa. Shake flask method Prepare media of nutrient broth about 13 grams per litre of distilled water. Mix well and pour 50 ml of media into a 250ml conical flask. Plug the conical flask and wrap the mouth with aluminium foil. The less volumes of media in the flask increases surface area and oxygen transfer rate(OTR). The flasks are autoclaved at 1210 C and 1.5 lbs pressure for 1 hour 15 minutes. Planktonic-contains 50 ml of nutrient broth Biofilm-contains 25ml of PBS with microcarriers plus 25 ml of nutrient broth. Inoculate a loopful of pseudomonas aeruginosa into 50 ml nutrient broth aseptically. Allow the bacteria to grow overnight. Take the optical density at 550nm using spectrophotometer.The amount of the inoculums to be added to the shake flasks for analysis is calculated using the formula below: Amount of sample to add into shake flask = [working concentration X volume(ml)] / stock(OD) obtained After inoculation the flasks are kept in the orbital shaker at 300C. The samples of 1 ml is collected for RNA extraction at particular time intervals at 0,1,2, 4,24 and 48 hours for planktonic. In respect the biofilm samples are collected at time 0,22,24,26,44,46 and 48 hours as their growth is slower than the freely suspended planktonic cells. Then 2 ml of RNA later solution is added to the collected samples for RNA stabilization. The optical density is regularly monitored to check the growth of pseudomonas aeruginosa . Fermentation The fermentation process we perform here is batch fermentation. The bioreactor used for the study is a small scale fermentor from APPLICON BIOTECHNOLOGIES. The process will take place in a 3L fermentor(consists the working volume of 2.5L) for about 24 hours. During the run the criteria of temperature is kept at 300C . The pH is run free, stirrer speed is set at 600rpm for planktonic culture. The fermentor is run free for 24 hours overnight to check the production of foam. The cold finger helps to control the temperature by feeding water from/to the reactor. The o ring is checked for any leakage. The sample port is a tube for sampling using back pressure and forces the liquid into a glass recipient. The inlets for acid, alkali and antifoam are linked to durham bottles, going through the pumps. The durham bottles are blank, because above parameters are not controlled in this process. Air is pumped through a filter. The condenser is connected to water that comes out of the fermentor. Wh en the water is warmer than outside, condensed water reaches the condenser. The gas goes from an outlet connected to the condenser. The dissolved oxygen probe is connected to dO2 cable from the machine. It measures the amount of dO2 in the media. This probe needs to be kept in the buffer, when not in use. The probe should be plugged for 10 to 12 hours before the inoculation inorder to polarize. The stirrer is placed on the top of fermentor. The vessel is heated with the help of heating pad and temperature is detected using temperature probe. The air inlet is set up through the pumps and its volume is controlled with a rotometer in front of the machine. In this case 2.5L of air/min is supplied to the fermentor. For the gas analysis of oxygen and carbon dioxide the gas is passed through a drying column and reaches the monitor which is already set up for calibration. we run two runs of fermentor for both planktonic and biofilm cultures. The parameters such as temperature, aeration for planktonic and biofilm cultures are almost same. The only parameter varies for both is stirring is maintained at 600rpm for planktoni c and 200rpm for biofilm fermentation. Procedure: The fermentor is sterilised and all the valves are sealed with foil before going into the autoclave. The fermentor is run for about 24 hours before adding the inoculum to check any formation of foam. About 20 ml of an overnight culture is added to the fermentor. Sampling :About 7ml of sample is collected for every 20min for planktonic and every 2 hours for biofilm until the exponential phase is reached. The sample collected is preserved in the freezer for different analysis. The sample is assayed for gene expression by adding 2 ml of RNA later solution for RNA stability. The samples are assayed for ammonia, phosphorus, glucose and protease. The fermentation conditions are listed below. RNA EXTRACTION (protocol provided by applied biosystems) Materials required: 2-mercapto ethanol,100% ethanol, 10% SDS(in RNase free water), 0.5  µl/sample. Lysozyme solution: 100  µl/ sample 10mM Tris HCl (PH 8.0)mM EDTA 10mg/ml lysozyme (in RNase free water) Lysis buffer: Before beginning the lysis and homogenization steps, prepare a fresh amount of lysis buffer containing 1% 2-mercapto ethanol for each purification procedure. Add 10 µl 2-mercaptoethanol for each 1ml lysis buffer. Use 350  µl of freshly prepared lysis buffer for 1109 bacterial cells. Lysis and homogenization: Harvest 1109 bacterial cells and transfer them to an appropriately sized microcentrifuge tubes. Centrifuge at 500xg for 5 minutes at 40C to pellet cells. Discard the supernatant. Add 100  µl of prepared lysozyme solution to the cell pellet and resuspend by vortexing. Add 0.5  µl 10% SDS solution vortex to mix well. Incubate the cells in the tube for 5 minutes at room temperature. Add 350  µl lysis buffer prepared with 2-mercaptoethanol. Vortex to mix well. Transfer the lysate to a homogenizer inserted in an RNase free tube and centrifuge at 12,000xg for 2 minutes at room temperature. Remove the homogenizer when done. Purifying the RNA from bacterial cells: These steps are followed to bind wash and elute the RNA from the P.aeruginosa cells sample. Add 250  µl 100% ethanol to each volume of bacterial cell homogenate. Mix thoroughly by vortexing to dispersing any visible precipitate that may form after adding ethanol. Transfer the sample(including any remaining precipitate) to a spin cartridge( with a collection tube. Centrifuge both the spin cartridge and collection tube at 12,000xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and re-insert the spin cartridge in the same collection tube. Add 700  µl of wash buffer I to the spin cartridge. Centrifuge at 12,000xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and the collection tube. Place the spin cartridge into a new collection tube. Add 500  µl wash buffer II with ethanol to the spin cartridge. Centrifuge at 12,000Xg for 15 seconds at room temperature. Discard the flow through and re insert the spin cartridge into the same collection tube. The steps are repeated once again. Centrifuge the spin cartridge and collection tube at 12,000Xg for 1 minute at room temperature to dry the membrane with attached RNA. Discard the collection tube and insert the spin cartridge into a recovery tube. Add 50  µl of RNase free water to the centre of spin cartridge. Incubate at room temperature for 1 minute. Centrifuge the spin cartridge and recovery tube for 2 minutes at 12,000Xg at room temperature. Store the purified RNA or proceeded for DNase treatment after RNA treatment. (store purified RNA at -800C for long term). Agarose gel electrophoresis: The RNA samples after extraction are checked for the RNA signal. To visualise the RNA 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The materials required for agarose gel electrophoresis is TAE buffer and agarose. TAE buffer(50x Tris acetate) 242 g of Tris base 57.1 ml glaciel acetic acid 100 ml of EDTA 0.5M PH .8.0 700ml of dH2O . About 20 ml of above solution is mixed with 980ml of distilled water to make it 1X. 1 gram of agarose is added to 100 ml of TAE buffer. The solution is mixed well. The solution is heated until the agarose is completely dissolved and solution becomes colourless. About 2.5  µl of ethidium bromide is added to the solution to visualise the RNA bands. Special care is taken while adding the ethidium bromide because it is bio-hazardous. Then about 5  µl RNA sample is mixed with 1  µl of DNA loading dye. The RNA samples are RUN with the potential difference of 80V with DNA Hyper ladder II as a standard. DNase treatment (protocol and kit provided by applied biosystem) The DNase I treatment is performed to remove any traces of genomic DNA from the eluted RNA. Protocol: Add 10x DNase buffer and DNase I to the RNA sample in the following composition: Amount component 1/9 th volume 10x DNase buffer 4  µl DNase I The components are mixed with gentle pippeting. Then the mixture is incubated at 370C for 90 minutes. DNase inactivation reagent is added to the solution and mixed well, leave at room temperature for 2 minutes. The samples are centrifuged at maximum speed for 1 minute to pellet the DNase inactivation reagent, after that the RNA solution is transferred to a new RNase free tube. The samples are run on 1% agarose gel electrophoresis to check the DNA contamination. We fou
Thursday, October 24, 2019
DISCUSS HOW FAR JOHN PROCTOR, ELIZABETH PROCTOR AND REVEREND HALE CAN :: English Literature
DISCUSS HOW FAR JOHN PROCTOR, ELIZABETH PROCTOR AND REVEREND HALE CAN BE SAID TO REMAIN TRUE TO HIS OR HER BELIEFS The Crucible is a container that resists hear or the hollow at the bottom of an ore furnace. However its connotations include melting pot, in the symbolic sense, and the bearing of a cross. Elizabeth, John Proctor's wife; a cold, childless woman who is an upright character who cannot forgive her husband's adultery until just before he died: she is accused of being a witch. Reverend Hale, a self-proclaimed expert on witchcraft; at the play's end tries to save the accused. John Proctor, a good man with human failures and a hidden secret, a affair with Abigail, he is often the voice of reason in the play; accused of witchcraft. "I do not judge you. The magistrate that sits in your heart judges you." This is where Elizabeth suspects that John has committed adultery, but knows how good of man he is and tries to look over it. "Adultery, John." This is where John tells her and she makes it sound like it is news to her even though she has known for a while. She is trying to have John have a "good" name and not be a name that everyone discards. "No, sir." Here she is protecting his name but she doesn't know that John has just come out and said that he committed lechery. She thought that she was saving him but she was actually making it worse for him. "I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face." Here he is talking about if he ever encountered the Devil that he would literally kick his ass. This shows how he is a hipper rite against being a Puritan. Even though he is a religious man he still has the human character of having an evil side to himself. "But I will cut off my hand before I ever reach for you again." John is talking to Abigail and how he is finished with seeing her and that he doesn't want any part of her. John goes through from being amoral to immoral and then to moral, then back to amoral at the end. "It's winter in here yet." Elizabeth and John were talking about how he was working all day seeding even though he was at Salem to see what the fuss was all about. Here he shows his character toward Elizabeth by lying to her and she can't trust him. "Let Rebecca go like a saint, for me it is a fraud." This shows how he changes and starts to take
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Mainstreaming: Special Education and Regular Classroom Essay
Mainstreaming is an important issue and realism that has a direct impact on all parties involved, including educators, students and parents. Mainstreaming is a matter that has become very controversial and therefore it requires important awareness and understanding from all peoples involved. One essential way of gaining this understanding and awareness is by reviewing what mainstreaming really is, as well as the positive and negative aspects that may arise from it. Defining the Issue: Mainstreaming. Mainstreaming, now more commonly referred to as inclusion, is thought of as the integration of exceptional students into regular educational settings, in which emphasis is placed on participation rather than placement (Perry, Winne & Woolfolk, 2000 p. 136). A classroom that is mainstreamed, is one which includes many different types of learners; in other words, mainstreaming is a classroom that accommodates students with disabilities and those without, as well as those students who are thought of as being gifted with an IQ score of above average. Disabled children in a mainstreamed classroom may vary greatly in the types of disability they might have. For example, children may have one or more of the following disabilities: physical, behavioral, mental or learning disability. It is evident then, that a classroom that is mainstreamed will indeed present a number of challenges for the teacher, since he or she must accommodate to so many different needs of the students. The main purpose of mainstreaming is to â€Å"equally support and promote a typical classroom experience for all students†(Lyness, 2001, p.3). However, this does not exclude the usage of outside support services such as teachers’ assistance or resource rooms. Therefore, the basic idea of mainstreaming is for students to receive assistance, while also benefiting from a regular classroom atmosphere. Positive Viewpoints of Mainstreaming There are a number of interesting points that support the idea of mainstreaming. For example, in a mainstreamed classroom all special education students must have an Individual Education Program (IEP). An IEP is an â€Å"annually revised program detailing present achievement level, goals and strategies, drawn up by teachers, parents, specialist and if possible the student†(Perry, Winne, & Woolfolk, 2000, p. 138). The use of the IEP is geared to meet the needs of the special education student. This is an issue that should be further educated and explained to the parties involved, most importantly the parents, since most of them feel that their child may not be receiving the support that they need in order to perform adequately in a regular classroom. As mentioned previously, students in a mainstreamed classroom receive support services such as teachers’ aids and access to resource rooms. Resource rooms are generally equipped with materials that are designed to meet the needs of the special educational student. A student may spent as much time as they need in the resource room with a special education teacher in order to receive the extra help they need. Another point that supports the idea of manstreaming is the fact that it seems to be beneficial for all students, both disabled and non-disabled. For example, placing special education students in a regular classroom reduces the risk of the student as being labeled or stigmatized. This point stands out clearly in the statement by Perry, Winne & Woolfolk (2000) that Segregation away from the mainstream in special classes robs disabled students of the opportunity to learn to participate fully in society, robs non-disables students of the opportunity to develop understanding and acceptance of the disabled, and increases the likelihood that the individual will be stigmatized (p. 139). Also, a classroom that includes and involves different types of learners is one that will be more accepting of the differences present amongst the students. According to studies by Lyness (2001), research has shown that students without disabilities who are in a mainstreamed classroom accept and value the differences in their classmates, have enhanced self esteem, and a genuine capacity for friendship. It is important for students to respect the differences of their peers, which is what a mainstreamed classroom helps to accomplish. Negative Viewpoints of Mainstreaming Along with the good points of mainstreaming come a number of interesting points that do not support the idea of mainstreaming. For example, in a mainstreamed classroom a child may not feel a sense of belonging from other children. This may been displayed in the form of teasing or ridicule, in which the special education students self esteem is greatly affected. Feelings of inadequacy to keep up with non-disabled students may also arise amongst special education students. Perry, Winne & Woolfolk (2000), state that â€Å"disabled students can be just as socially isolated in a regular class as they would in a special education class, across the hall across the country†(p. 139). Another pessimistic viewpoint of mainstreaming is the great demand that is places on the teachers. With so few teachers available and the large amount of students in need of assistance, it is impossible for teachers to focus special attention on individual students with special educational needs. This creates a problem for both the teacher, whose job becomes absolutely over whelming and stressful, as well as the special education student who lacks the vital support and attention that he or she may need. Mainstreaming may also place pressure on special education students. For example, a special education student may feel that he or she may have to perform at the same level as his or her fellow classmates even though the disability they possess prevents them from doing so. Fracine McNamara states how â€Å"mainstreaming is very difficult for special needs children ?and it is hard enough for a regular education child to keep up with the curriculum and the world, it is even harder for a children with road blocks†(Pantazis, 2000, p. 11). My Opinion As this paper demonstrates, I also agree that there are positive and negative aspects that are associated with mainstreaming. I do agree that children should have individual programs that support their needs, as they would receive in a special education program; if these needs can be met within a regular classroom, all the better. I also believe that by placing special education students in a regular classroom, this can increase their motivation to perform well in school. Often, when children are placed in special education classrooms, they do not perform to the best of their ability because they are stigmatized into thinking they can not do better. I also believe another advantage of mainstreaming is the fact that special needs children may begin to model the positive behaviors of regular students such as completion of homework, improved social skills and age appropriate behaviors. This is especially important for children with behavior problems, since they often may need a positive role model in order to perform to the best of their ability. I also believe that in some cases exceptional students are very good in non-academic areas such as sports, drawing and mainstreaming allows these students to share their skills with regular students. This, in turn, is beneficial for both parties. However, I also believe that in some cases mainstreaming is not the best option for all special needs children. Some children’s needs go far beyond what a regular classroom can offer. Self-contained programs are necessary for these types of children, programs that teach children skills that will be useful to the in the real world, and also prepare them for community living. These life skills may include personal hygiene, money managing, basic household chores and safety. Also, severely handicapped children need to be in contact with other students who share a common affliction. This is not likely to happen in a mainstreamed classroom since regular students outnumber special education students. By taking a closer look at the definition of mainstreaming as well as the positive and negative aspects associated with it, one can perhaps acquire better understanding and awareness of the issue. As this paper has demonstrated, there are both positive and negative viewpoints of mainstreaming, which in turn, cause large amounts of controversy. However, the most important issue, which must not be forgotten, is it is vital to help all students obtain the best education possible. References Lyness, D. (2001). http://www. kidsheath. org Pantazis, S. (2000). http://www. epinions. com Perry, N. , Winne, P. , Woolfolk, A. (2000). Educational Psychology. Scarborough: Allyn and Bacon Canada.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Analyzing Thõ Orõstõia by Aõschylus as thõ Political Play
Analyzing Thà µ Orà µstà µia by Aà µschylus as thà µ Political Play Analyzing Thà µ Orà µstà µia by Aà µschylus as thà µ Political Play Aà µschylus' grà µatà µst surviving achià µvà µmà µnt is thà µ trilogy known as thà µ Orà µstà µia, which trà µats thà µ suprà µmà µ difficulty of undà µrstanding and obtaining a just social and rà µligious ordà µr. Apparà µntly thà µ sà µts of four dramas that playwrights à µntà µrà µd in thà µ compà µtition gà µnà µrally involvà µd thrà µÃ µ tragà µdià µs followà µd by a lightà µr work known as a satyr play, but thà µ thrà µÃ µ tragà µdià µs did not nà µÃ µd to trà µat thà µ samà µ thà µmà µ, and frà µquà µntly thà µy didn't. In thà µ casà µ of thà µ Orà µstà µia, howà µvà µr, thà µ thrà µÃ µ plays comprisà µ onà µ grand and complà µx drama, and this work is thà µ only Attic trilogy that à µscapà µd dà µstruction to bà µ à µnjoyà µd today (Conachà µr 56). Thà µ point of origin for thà µ Orà µstà µia was à µvidà µntly Õphialtà µs' rà µstriction of thà µ powà µrs of thà µ Arà µopagità µ Council, for thà µ trilogy culminatà µs in prà µcisà µly thà µ sort of trial that rà µmainà µd within thà µ Council's purvià µwa murdà µr trial. It sà µÃ µms likà µly that Aà µschylus supportà µd thà µ rà µforms and chosà µ this drama as a tool by which to rà µassurà µ consà µrvativà µ Athà µnians that thà µ trying of homicidà µ casà µs was in fact thà µ ancià µnt mission of this body. In this way hà µ could draw attà µntion away from thà µ significant limitations that had bà µÃ µn placà µd on its jurisdiction. Thà µ matà µrial with which Aà µschylus chosà µ to convà µy his mà µssagà µ was thà µ familiar talà µ of thà µ cursà µd housà µ of thà µ ancià µnt hà µro Pà µlops and his dà µscà µndant Agamà µmnon, commandà µr-in-chià µf of thà µ là µgà µndary à µxpà µdition against Troy (Conachà µr 59). This papà µr, by rà µfà µrring to thà µ thà µmà µs and charactà µrs prà µsà µntà µd in Aà µschylus Thà µ Orà µstà µia, sà µÃ µks to analyzà µ Aà µschylus as thà µ dramatist and poà µt; and aims to study thà µ Orà µstà µia as thà µ political play, focusing on thà µ mà µthods and tools usà µd by thà µ author to convà µy thà µ social and political mà µssagà µ of thosà µ days. Thà µ first play, Agamà µmnon, portrays thà µ Grà µÃ µk gà µnà µral's murdà µr upon his victorious rà µturn from thà µ Trojan War in a plot hatchà µd by his faithlà µss wifà µ Clytà µmnà µstra and his cousin Aà µgisthus, who has bà µcomà µ Clytà µmnà µstra's lovà µr. Agamà µmnon's murdà µr posà µs an agonizing dilà µmma for his childrà µn Orà µstà µs and Õlà µctra, for thà µy arà µ facà µd with a choicà µ bà µtwà µÃ µn killing thà µir mothà µr and allowing thà µir fathà µr's dà µath to go unpunishà µd. Thà µir pain and Orà µstà µs' à µvà µntual murdà µr of Clytà µmnà µstra and Aà µgisthus form thà µ subjà µct mattà µr of thà µ sà µcond play, Thà µ Libation Bà µarà µrs. As thà µ play closà µs, Orà µstà µs finds himsà µlf pursuà µd by thà µ avà µnging à µarth goddà µssà µs known as thà µ Furià µs. His suffà µring à µnds in thà µ final play, Thà µ Õumà µnidà µs. This play is sà µt in Athà µns, whà µ rà µ Orà µstà µs has takà µn rà µfugà µ, hoping that a rà µsponsiblà µ govà µrnmà µnt will afford him a fair trial. Athà µna's chargà µ to thà µ jury proclaims thà µ glorià µs of thà µ Arà µopagus, thà µ importancà µ of justicà µ, and thà µ cà µntrality of law. To continuà µ, as a drama and a poà µm thà µ Õumà µnidà µs is oftà µn analyzà µd by critics in tà µrms of its consistà µncy It brings thà µ Orà µstà µia to a conclusion; but its account of Athà µns and thà µ Arà µopagus sà µÃ µms to many scholars inspirà µd morà µ by patriotism than a sà µnsà µ of dramatic unity. Hà µncà µ much attà µntion has bà µÃ µn dà µvotà µd to Aà µschylus supposà µd political mà µssagà µ in thà µ play. As a rà µsult, thà µ quà µstion of its fitnà µss to complà µtà µ thà µ trilogy is oftà µn raisà µd. On thà µ othà µr hand, thosà µ whosà µ concà µrn is with Aà µschylus poà µtry tà µnd to ignorà µ his politics. In 1960 Õ. R. Dodds publishà µd an articlà µ callà µd Morals and Politics in thà µ Orà µstà µia. Somà µ of thà µ valuablà µ insights this pià µcà µ of work providà µs about Aà µschylus is rà µflà µctà µd in this papà µr. Critics oftà µn notà µ a numbà µr of fà µaturà µs that makà µ this play a political onà µ. First, it is important to undà µrstand thà µ concà µpt of politià µs Whà µn it is said of thà µ Orà µstà µia that thà µ play has a political à µlà µmà µnt, that usually mà µans that it is commà µnting on thà µ à µvà µnts of thà µ writà µrs timà µ; it is clà µarly in that sà µnsà µ that Dodds usà µs thà µ tà µrm (Dodd 48). Sà µcond, thà µ political charactà µrs of thà µ protagonists should bà µ undà µrstood rathà µr diffà µrà µntly; it will bà µ nà µcà µssary to considà µr how far thà µ play is in thà µ usual sà µnsà µ political. Third, it is à µssà µntial to closà µly à µxaminà µ of a numbà µr of individual passagà µs to undà µrstand thà µ political à µlà µmà µnt in thà µm. 1. Athà µnian Campaigns Whà µrà µvà µr shà µ iswhà µthà µr in distant Libya, thà µrà µ by thà µ strà µam of Triton whà µrà µ shà µ was born, à µnthronà µd or on thà µ march to hà µlp hà µr frià µnds, or whà µthà µr likà µ a dauntlà µss là µadà µr shà µ ovà µrsà µÃ µs thà µ Phlà µgrà µan plainO là µt hà µr comà µ (a god can hà µar à µvà µn from far away), and savà µ mà µ from thà µ troublà µs that hound mà µ still (Aà µschylus 160, linà µs 330-340). Dodds suggà µsts that in this passagà µ thà µrà µ is an allusion to thà µ Athà µnians who wà µrà µ thà µn fighting in thà µ Nilà µ Dà µlta on bà µhalf of thà µ Libyans (49-50). Spà µaking about thà µ charactà µrs, thà µ author arguà µs that if Akamas and Dà µmophons valuablà µs in thà µ à µpic wà µrà µ purà µly privatà µ onà µs, hà µrà µ thà µ trà µasurà µ is a pià µcà µ of land for thà µ wholà µ stalà µ. Now thà µrà µ wà µrà µ strugglà µs bà µtwà µÃ µn Mitylà µnà µ and Athà µns ovà µr Sigà µum in thà µ sixth cà µntury; possibly this pià µcà µ of mythology was invà µntà µd to support Athà µns claims thà µn (Dodds 51). But thà µsà µ linà µs do not rà µfà µr, so far as wà µ know, to any spà µcific disputà µs or battlà µs at thà µ timà µ of thà µ play. Thà µir purposà µ is rathà µr to point back from a distancà µ to thà µ sack of Troy which bulkà µd so largà µ in thà µ Agamà µmnon (Dodds 52). Thà µrà µ thà µ dà µstruction of thà µ town madà µ thà µ Atridaà µ guilty, à µvà µn as thà µy triumphà µd, and it là µd to a divinà µ punishmà µnt for thà µ Achaà µans as a wholà µ, thà µ storm which shattà µrà µd thà µir flà µÃ µt. Hà µncà µ, whà µn thà µ mà µssà µngà µr tà µlls of that storm hà µ comparà µs his words to thà µ nà µws of a city conquà µrà µd (linà µ 526): it is a victory-hymn of thà µ Õrinyà µs for thà µ Grà µÃ µks. But hà µrà µ thà µ sack of Troy is thà µ causà µ of an honorablà µ rà µward: thà µ Athà µnians havà µ conquà µrà µd, but conquà µst for thà µm is not ruinà µd by thà µir là µadà µrs guilt (Dovà µr 164). Thus thà µrà µ is hà µrà µ a myth corrà µsponding to thà µ formation of thà µ alliancà µ with Argos latà µr in thà µ play: both show a unità µd pà µoplà µ gà µtting a just rà µward for thà µir labors (Dovà µr 166). Furthà µr, both storià µs validatà µ somà µthing about contà µmporary Athà µns, onà µ of hà µr tà µrritorial claims or onà µ of hà µr alliancà µs; and that also applià µs to thà µ account of how thà µ Arà µopagus and thà µ cult of thà µ Sà µmnai wà µrà µ sà µt up, which is thà µ mythical chartà µr for two of hà µr institutions. 2. Thà µ Argivà µ Alliancà µ And now bà µforà µ I là µavà µ for homà µ, I swà µar to your country and your pà µoplà µ, now and forà µvà µr, up to thà µ fullà µst ripà µning of timà µ that no hà µlmsman of my rà µalm, spà µar poisà µd for battlà µ, will comà µ against thà µm I'll sap thà µ spirit from thà µir marchà µs, and bà µsà µt thà µir way with ominous wingbà µats But only if thà µy kà µÃ µp an upright coursà µ, and givà µ à µnduring honor to thà µ city of Pallas with thà µir loyal spà µars, will I rà µmain a blà µssing to thà µm (Aà µschylus 178, linà µs 880-890). It is gà µnà µrally agrà µÃ µd that this passagà µ implià µs approval of thà µ Argivà µ alliancà µ of 462 BC, which rà µvà µrsà µd thà µ pro-Spartan policià µs of Cimon, thà µ là µading consà µrvativà µ at Athà µns at thà µ timà µ, and rà µsultà µd in a radical dà µmocracy (Goldhill 37-39). Howà µvà µr, somà µ scholars notà µ that thà µ Argivà µ alliancà µ is also a motif which forms a significant part of Aà µschylus play (Sommà µrstà µin 67-68). Paris guilt, his offà µncà µ against hospitality, brought war bà µtwà µÃ µn Argos and his own city: Athà µns, which has frà µÃ µd Orà µstà µs from guilt, is now bound by an à µtà µrnal alliancà µ to his city. Alliancà µ is prà µsà µntà µd hà µrà µ as a rà µlationship of hospitality in its military aspà µct (Sommà µrstà µin 70). Morà µovà µr, thà µ phrasà µ I'll sap thà µ spirit from thà µir marchà µs, and bà µsà µt thà µir way with ominous wingbà µats, so that thà µy rà µg rà µt thà µy à µvà µr did what thà µy havà µ donà µ rà µcalls thà µ situation at Aulis dà µscribà µd in thà µ story of thà µ Agamà µmnon: thà µ bad omà µn of thà µ à µaglà µ and thà µ harà µ, thà µ gloom of thà µ Achaà µan troops and thà µir là µadà µrs hopà µlà µss dà µcision. Similarly, if in Agamà µmnons casà µ rà µspà µct for his allià µs là µd to a crimà µ, thà µ sacrificà µ of his daughtà µr, thà µ Argivà µs rà µspà µct for thà µir alliancà µ with Athà µns will bring thà µm good fortunà µ (Dodds 56-57). Furthà µr, Orà µstà µs position should bà µ comparà µd to that of thà µ Õrinyà µs: thà µy rà µmain, hà µ goà µs homà µ. This alliancà µ is a continuing rà µlationship which à µxprà µssà µs both partià µs gratitudà µ Both also arà µ to protà µct thà µ city for thà µ futurà µ and bring it victory. In othà µr words, thà µ alliancà µ will savà µ it in war, thà µ Õrinyà µs will guarantà µÃ µ its intà µrnal harmony and prospà µrity. Scholars alto notà µ that thà µ alliancà µ is closà µly linkà µd to thà µ Arà µopagus (Dovà µr 170). In short, what is significant about thà µ Argivà µ alliancà µ is not what it implià µs about Aà µschylus political vià µws, but what it rà µprà µsà µnts within his dramatic crà µation. It is a good and guiltlà µss rà µlationship bà µtwà µÃ µn statà µs; it is thà µ à µxprà µssion of Orà µstà µs gratitudà µ; and it is onà µ guarantà µÃ µ of Athà µns safà µty. Abovà µ all, it rà µflà µcts, but rà µvà µrsà µs, thà µ horrors and suffà µrings of thà µ past (Dovà µr 171). It is somà µtimà µs hà µld that Aà µschylus chosà µ to sà µt thà µ cà µntà µr of Agamà µmnons kingdom in Argos rathà µr than in Mycà µnaà µ in ordà µr to prà µparà µ for an allusion to thà µ Argivà µ alliancà µ of 462 BC in thà µ Õumà µnidà µs (Conachà µr 24-25). That is no doubt truà µ as far as it goà µs, à µvà µn if thà µ tà µrm allusion in such a contà µxt nà µÃ µds carà µful dà µfinition. Yà µt, thà µrà µ arà µ also artistic rà µasons for this choicà µ. Aà µschylus rà µprà µsà µnts Agamà µmnon and Mà µnà µlaus as rà µigning togà µthà µr in Argos, a notion hà µ dà µrivà µd from somà µ passagà µs in thà µ Odyssà µy. Argos is a suitablà µ placà µ for this joint rulà µ, bà µcausà µ thà µ city carrià µs thà µ samà µ namà µ as thà µ wholà µ rà µgion thà µ two Atridaà µ govà µrn, and bà µcausà µ it is not thà µ traditional sà µat of à µithà µr of thà µm; so to sà µt thà µir kingdom thà µrà µ avoids subordinating onà µ to thà µ othà µr (Conachà µr 34). Rà µturning to thà µ discussion of lità µrary à µlà µmà µnts that, in addition to political fà µaturà µs of thà µ play, form a largà µ part of Orà µstà µia, it is critical to analyzà µ Agamà µmnons guilt and its consà µquà µncà µs. In this rà µgard, onà µ may notà µ that Agamà µmnons guilt bà µlong to thà µ old rà µgimà µ. In turn, thà µ murdà µr of Agamà µmnon is thà µ act that brà µaks up thà µ old rà µgimà µ and brings in thà µ nà µw. This givà µs thà µ tragà µdy of Agamà µmnon its pà µculiar charactà µr and dà µtà µrminà µs its uniquà µ tà µchniquà µ. Thà µ Choà µphoroà µ and Õumà µnidà µs, as consà µquà µncà µs of thà µ Agamà µmnon, wà µrà µ bound to possà µss a diffà µrà µnt charactà µr and tà µchniquà µ. Thà µ murdà µr of Clytà µmnà µstra plays a diffà µrà µnt rolà µ and has a diffà µrà µnt dramatic function from that of Agamà µmnon, and thà µ Õumà µnidà µs is thà µ non-tragic rà µsolution of both. Nà µithà µr spà µctators nor chorus know, at thà µ outsà µt of thà µ Agamà µmnon, what is thà µ wisdom that Zà µus tà µachà µs by suffà µring, bà µcausà µ Zà µus himsà µlf has not yà µt taught it. Thà µ suffà µring of Agamà µmnon not only illustratà µs a moral principlà µ, it sà µts in motion thà µ à µvà µnts which crà µatà µ a nà µw moral principlà µ and clarify thà µ ambiguity of thà µ old principlà µ. Thà µrà µ is a diffà µrà µncà µ bà µtwà µÃ µn total tragà µdy and tragà µdy that is simply onà µ morà µ illustration of thà µ doubtful naturà µ of mankind (Bowià µ 22-24). Critics claim that thà µ rà µlation of thà µ structural diffà µrà µncà µs to thà µ à µthical-thà µological diffà µrà µncà µs of thà µ diffà µrà µnt plays in thà µ trilogy is clà µar (Conachà µr 62). Thà µ Orà µstà µia altà µrnatà µs bà µtwà µÃ µn an à µmphasis on Zà µus and thà µ Olympians and on thà µ family Õrinys or Õrinyà µs. Up to thà µ Cassandra, thà µ problà µm has bà µÃ µn Agamà µmnons guilt as sà µÃ µn in thà µ contà µxt of thà µ Trojan War and thà µ Olympians (Zà µus Xà µnios as motivator of thà µ war, Artà µmis as motivator of thà µ sacrificà µ of Iphigà µnia, thà µ Grà µÃ µk affront to thà µ Olympians by thà µir tà µmplà µ-dà µsà µcrations at Troy). Clytà µmnà µstras charactà µristics arà µ rà µvà µalà µd only indirà µctly, by hints and by silà µncà µ. With Cassandra thà µ Õrinyà µs of thà µ housà µ arà µ givà µn a dominating rolà µ (Dovà µr, Somà µ Nà µglà µctà µd Aspà µcts of A gamà µmnon's Dilà µmma, 139-140). Clytà µmnà µstra à µmà µrgà µs as thà µ à µvil gà µnius of thà µ trilogy In thà µ Choà µphoroà µ thà µ initial mà µntion of Apollo as thà µ chià µf motivator of Orà µstà µs matricidà µ is supà µrsà µdà µd by thà µ diffà µrà µnt à µmphasis of thà µ kommos, in which Orà µstà µs is sà µÃ µn as thà µ agà µnt of his fathà µrs rà µstlà µss spirit and thà µ family Õrinyà µs (Conachà µr 78). His motivà µ is pà µrsonal và µngà µancà µ for thà µ horrors of his fathà µrs infamous dà µath and burial. Hà µ sà µÃ µms for a momà µnt to cravà µ thà µ matricidà µ. At thà µ timà µ of thà µ murdà µr, whà µn thà µ dà µsirà µ shrinks to nothing and Orà µstà µs sà µÃ µms on thà µ point of rà µjà µcting thà µ snakà µ-rolà µ hà µ had voluntarily assumà µd, thà µ Apollinà µ thà µmà µ rà µÃ µmà µrgà µs with Pyladà µs dramatic brà µaking of his long silà µncà µ. At thà µ à µnd thà µ appà µarancà µ of thà µ Furià µs sà µÃ µms to disrupt this thà µmà µ in an ambiguous and fà µarful conclusion in which oncà µ morà µ thà µ dà µmons of thà µ housà µ assà µrt thà µir prà µdominancà µ. This is thà µ indispà µnsablà µ condition of thà µ confrontation of thà µ two divinà µ à µlà µmà µnts in thà µ Õumà µnidà µs: thà µ trial and thà µ long final kommos bring thà µm to thà µ point of crisis and rà µconciliation (Conachà µr 80). To continuà µ, thà µ Õumà µnidà µs has oftà µn bà µÃ µn lookà µd at as anthropological history, thà µ mythically disguisà µd clash of patriarchal and matriarchal socià µtià µs. It is hard to sà µÃ µ how Aà µschylus could havà µ thought in thà µsà µ tà µrms. Matriarchal socià µtià µs had long bà µÃ µn à µxtinct à µvà µn if thà µy had oncà µ à µxistà µd, a dubious hypothà µsis in itsà µlf. Aà µschylus wantà µd to diffà µrà µntiatà µ thà µ primitivà µ and obscurà µ powà µrs of và µngà µancà µ from thà µ à µthical and rational Olympians and providà µ a solid thà µological basis for thà µ justicà µ of thà µ polis. Thà µ contrast of thà µ rolà µs of fathà µr and mothà µr, wifà µ and husband, blood kinship and marriagà µ, was of dramatic importancà µgivà µn Aà µschylus wish to rà µconcilà µ two compà µting rights without an obtrusivà µ ovà µrriding of onà µ by thà µ othà µrbut it was a dramatic mà µans to a thà µolog ical and à µthical à µnd which was not thà µ assà µrtion of fathà µr-right or husband-right but of divinà µ and human justicà µ (Griffiths 73-74). In thà µ à µnd, Athà µna brà µaks thà µ dà µadlockà µd jury's tià µ, and hà µr grounds arà µ rà µvà µaling Following Apollo's proclamation that it is thà µ malà µ and not thà µ fà µmalà µ who is thà µ truà µ parà µnt, and bà µaring in mind hà µr own birth (fully dà µvà µlopà µd from thà µ hà µad of hà µr fathà µr Zà µus), shà µ dà µcidà µs that thà µ claims of thà µ fathà µr trump thosà µ of thà µ mothà µr, justifying Clytà µmnà µstra's dà µath. Now tamà µd, thà µ Furià µs arà µ givà µn a nà µw namà µ, thà µ Õumà µnidà µs (Kindly Onà µs). Plainly Aà µschylus concà µivà µs thà µ crà µation of rà µsponsiblà µ govà µrnmà µnt in Athà µns as thà µ antithà µsis not only of tyranny but also of a disordà µrà µd chaotic univà µrsà µ in which à µmotional and fà µmalà µ forcà µs of và µngà µancà µ wà µrà µ paramount. Thà µ nà µw world will bà µ govà µrnà µd by ordà µrly, rational institutions plannà µd and staffà µd by mà µn, with và µngà µancà µ rà µplacà µd by justicà µ (Conachà µr 70-73). Thà µ gà µnrà µ à µstablishà µd by Aà µschylus would bà µcomà µ onà µ of thà µ dà µfining art forms of Grà µÃ µk civilization. Tragic drama, as it à µvolvà µd throughout Aà µschylus' carà µÃ µr and in thà µ hands of his succà µssors Sophoclà µs and Õuripidà µs, was in many ways thà µ hallmark of Athà µnian grà µatnà µss. Through Shakà µspà µarà µ and othà µr grà µat tragà µdians of Õuropà µ, this rà µmarkablà µ tà µstamà µnt to thà µ hà µroic strugglà µ against human limitations forms an important part of a là µgacy that has à µndurà µd to our own timà µ.
Monday, October 21, 2019
Journal and topic paper
Journal and topic paper Journal and topic paper Journal Entry 1- Myths 28/02/12 Today in class each group was given a different myth, which we all discussed. The one that was given to my group was, ‘Australia hosts more refugees than any other countries’. I felt very ignorant because I wasn’t aware of the actual statistics and facts about asylum seekers. This has to do with media influence. I wasn’t aware that over 90% of asylum seekers come by plane rather than by boat. I also wasn’t aware that Australia hosts less asylum seekers than other countries. I think that the media, especially the popular media has really influenced the way I think about wider issues such as asylum seekers. This has forced me to rethink and to question what is said in the paper, on TV and on the radio. The course facilitator, Sue, gave me information that SBS and the ABC actually reference their media stories unlike channels 7,9 and 10 who don’t need the validation as to where they get their information. This made me feel like watching the more popular TV stations was like reading a woman’s day magazine or a gossip magazine, which I never do. This made me think about the statistics that were meshed out in class as well. I learnt that Pakistan hosted 1.78 million refugees, Iran, Jordon, Chad all hosted many times over the amount of refugees that Australia hosts. This got me thinking as to why these countries host more when they are developing countries and economies themselves and are ill-equipped to take adequate care of the refugees that they host. Take for example Pakistan, the reason I think they host so many refugees is that they share a porous border that is easily breached with Afghanistan, Jordon hosts many millions of Palestinians now some of these I learnt in my own study are second or third generation refugees. Chad shares a border with war torn Sudan. Australia on the other hand is fortunate enough to not have war or massive civil unrest. In the end I took the exercise from class with a grain of salt. Yes Australia is outperformed by many developing countries but then again our geography and our neighbors have helped us keep asylum seekers down to a low amount. This probably has left me feeling more confused than before because everything isn’t black and white, there are definite shades of grey where you have to look at the motive behind everything and every topic. Another myth that challenged me was ‘refugees get all sorts of handouts from the government.’ I thought that this was true. I’ve always heard that refugees get more money than people on the aged or disability pension. Again this myth made me question the integrity of the wider media. I always thought that they get upwards of 70 000 dollars per person. This seems to me like a massive case of the Chinese whispers as I learnt that they essentially have the same rights and entitlements as permanent residents but don’t have to wait for handouts. They also get 510 hours of free English classes and some get access to post-arrival assistance, depending on their particular needs. To sum this class up as I mentioned before its never black and white, there are definite shades of grey. This knowledge has impacted my way of thinking, as I now know, I can’t just believe everything I hear or read like I have previously. Check the source and the motive of the person telling that story to better understand the true meaning and to see through the popular myths. I think that I have definitely learnt this concept in this class, which I will carry outside these four walls. Journal Entry 2- Babakiueria 13/03/12 Today in class we watched Babakueria. This mockumentary used role reversal to critique Australia’s treatment of its Indigenous people. Aboriginal actors play the colonisers and white actors play the Indigenous. I found that it was reported in a very sarcastic and condescending tone, which I must say, was very clever of the producers. I found that the mockumentary
Sunday, October 20, 2019
electronic music essays
electronic music essays Now, we are living in the 21st century. Most of the things are become electronic, such as the most music we listen today also become electronic. What called this music is electronic music. The mean of electronic music is music produced by machines that genre sound using electronic circuitry. I think the electronic music would be more popular and popular. The article Electronic music: from varese to radiohead have describe how the effect of the technology no recent classical and popular music has been nothing short of astonishing. Before the music only produce by instrument such as strings, pipes or drum. After World War II, the Musique concrete is the earliest experiments with the creation of electronic music (text. pp382). The Edgard Varese is the first practitioner of the musicque concrete. Later on in 1958 his proeme electronique being a landmark in the history of this fort of synthetic music. In years later, the pop artist are began to use the electronic music. The famous band Beatles songs also consider the muscique concrete. One member of the Beatles John Lennon used tape looping to create a novel background ambience for his song Revolution #9 (text. pp382). Few years later those films makers also considered the electronic music. For example, George Lucas used banging chains to create the sound of the Imperial Walkers for his Star War epics. In the 1980s the computer become miniaturized within the keyboard synthesizer. The synthesizer is a machine that creates, transforms, and combines electronic sounds, synthesizer is computer, so we can also call that computer music. So i n these days the fledging composer and rock band could own the hardware to create and doctor their own sounds. Now we hear the music on radio and television is also come from computer-equipped recording studio generate. The electronic music from the beginning to nowadays the computer music. and the ...
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Alternatives to Incarceration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Alternatives to Incarceration - Assignment Example Moreover, many a time juvenile offenders get involved in violent crimes in prison facilities that curtail their capacity and potential for rehabilitation (Coyle, 2005). An alternative to incarceration pertains to any punishment that can be extended to a juvenile offender, rather than confining one to prison. Over the years the community based alternatives to juvenile incarceration have shown much promise. Community corrections happen to be one such alternative which allows the juvenile offenders to remain within the community while putting limits to their freedom and the opportunities accessible to them (Jacobson, 2005). While being in the community corrections the juvenile offenders could be extended the possibility of probation tied to varied strict and stringent requirements like reporting diligently and punctually to a probation officer, remaining confined to one’s home during specific parts of the day, staying off drugs and attending substance abuse and mental health associated programs. The community based facilities have evinced much promise going by the fact that only 8 percent of the juvenile offenders in Missouri show recidivism on ce they are admitted to the community based programs (Gottesman, 2011). Community service is one other viable option to incarcerating the juvenile offenders. Community service could also be made to be a viable condition to probation or it could be used as an alternative to paying fines (Jacobson, 2005). Since the first three years of introducing the community service alternatives, the state of Illinois has saved almost $18.7 million (Gottesman, 2011). Community service involves making the offender dedicate oneself to some sort of unpaid work or service for a nonprofit or community organization. Mental health courts and drug courts are other alternatives to juvenile incarceration. Such courts
Friday, October 18, 2019
EU Economy Issues and Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
EU Economy Issues and Policies - Essay Example ship and they include: Macedonia, Iceland, Serbia, Turkey and Montenegro and have also started negotiations for membership except Macedonia (Archick, 2005 p.255). Other countries that have signed Stabilizations and Association Agreements (SAA) with the European Union include; Western Balkans, Bosnia, Albania and Herzegovina. This agreement is a prerequisite for lodging membership applications thus are considered potential candidates. Many analysts have argued that the South-eastern enlargement of the European Union is not only a test for the European Union, but also for the member states and candidates as well. According to Nuroglu & Kurtagić (2012 p.42), this kind of enlargement with candidates as well as potential candidates is estimated to increase the number of population by 19%, the European Union area by 25%, and the absolute gross Domestic Product by 5% (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.42). Even though the accession time is not known yet, the European commission is contemplating starting with the first three applicants: Montenegro, Croatia and Iceland (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). It is however important to note that the GDP income for the countries are 3 times below 27 member EU average (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). This forms the basis of sceptics argument and question that â€Å"why expand the EU at all? (Nuroglu & Kurtagić, 2012 p.43). The following discussion looks into these is sues into details and outlines the compelling economic arguments in support of European Union enlargement. Proponents of European Union enlargement argue that such successful accession would accumulate a lot of benefits not only to the members of the union but also to the individual citizens. However, some economic analysts have differed with this point of argument stating that such enlargement would not benefit the European Union but the new members due to their small size economy and population. The main economic arguments for further enlargement of the European Union are
Write drafts of two blog posts for your blog website. Although the Assignment
Write drafts of two blog posts for your blog website. Although the blog posts should share a common theme, they should be on different topics and have different titles - Assignment Example This is one of the simple methods that I would recommend as a priority in an effort to conserve the environmental resources. The reason behind the depletion of our resources is the failure to replenish the stocks of the resources that we use. Take for instance the cutting down of trees for timber or any other justifiable reason, much as this may not be wrong the problem arises when the trees are cut down but not replaced. Picture a scenarios where if one tree is cut down then replaced by three young seedling. The outcome is forests will never be empty fields and the issues of desertification will never arise. Conservation therefore can be achieved only through the sustainable utilization of resources and that is the only way to keep our resources available to us throughout (Li, 1996). The realization that we are the owners and benefactors of the resources available to us should give us a sense of responsibility with regards to utilizing and managing them. Dumping of waste material everywhere has a significant effect on the natural resources such as the soil, water and even the life of animals in the soil. This affects the quality of life of human beings either directly or indirectly and despite the negligence we are the ones who suffer in the long term. This is why I feel that owing ht environment and feeling responsible for the resources within the environment is key to helping us conserve the environment. Cutting down of trees for instance is a direct way to invite desertification and alteration of rainfall patterns. Appreciating this therefore help us take responsibility and work to conserve the environment. Natural resources are community resources and therefore owned communally. This means that the utilization and conservation of such resources is the responsibility of the community at large and not just a few individuals. As such the only way to achieve good results with regards to environmental conservation is
Microfinance Is The Panacea For Gender Empowerment Essay
Microfinance Is The Panacea For Gender Empowerment - Essay Example However, donors and advocates of microfinance constantly over-exaggerate the power of microfinance and related assistance while at the same time disregarding critical and deeply embedded concerns that can be regarded as apparent to the intertwining setback of poverty and empowerment of women. The present wave of euphoria over microfinance overlooks the salient question: since a majority of women has been inducted into microenterprises, why is women’s empowerment still elusive? It is apparent that microfinance is hardly a panacea for gender empowerment; besides, microfinance has failed to triumph over overbearing patriarchal structures that propel subordination of women at either households and/or society level. The paper examines the assertion â€Å"microfinance is the panacea for gender empowerment†, the associated problems/concerns, and available proof and appreciates that micro lending plays a critical function in revolutionizing women’s economic empowerment; however, microfinance possesses the possibility of adversely affecting the general health of gender empowerment endeavours, especially if it exclusively spotlights the financial aspect of women’s empowerment. The paper discovers that there has been an exaggeration regarding the gender empowerment impact of microfinance. In practice, however, microfinance is only a step in the long road of empowering poor rural women and not a panacea for gender empowerment. ... Remarkably, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution (A/60/210), recognizing the significance of microfinance in attaining the MDGs, outlining the significance of microfinance in attaining the MDGs, especially concerning goals 1 (reducing poverty) and goal 3 (revolving around gender parity and women’s empowerment). The accomplishment of some microlenders working with the poor, especially in Asia has put microlending high on the agenda of numerous development agencies. Numerous microfinance initiatives have been undertaken right from South America, to Asian and Africa, undoubtedly registering contrasting results (Onyuma and Shem 2005, p.199). Over the last two decades, microfinance initiatives have primarily been directed at poor women populations with the argument taking root on the question regarding whether microlending is, in essence, a decisive element to gender empowerment. This contest can be regarded as bordering west/south divide, and envelops theoretical analysis of studies touching on empowerment, especially on the link between microlending/microenterprise and gender empowerment that has constantly shaped microfinance discourse (Khandker 2005, p.263). The sociocultural landscape in target groups plays a critical function in shaping the results that can be derived from microenterprise projects and their relation to gender empowerment, rebutting one of the overriding hypotheses detailing that gender empowerment entails a routine result of micro lending (Mayoux 2002, p.77). In one phase of the continuum, proponents advance that microfinance bear constructive influences on aspects such as equality between genders, gender empowerment, and overall domestic/household wellbeing. In line with this thought, microfinance is considered as the
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
Operation management - Essay Example By the end of 2013, Apple has successfully launched seventh generation iPhones, namely iPhone 5C and iPhone 5S (â€Å"Q1 2014 Unaudited Summary Data†). iPhones have been extremely popular since its inception mainly owing to the unparalleled design and exclusive features as well as numerous software and applications to use. Since its launch, Apple has been able to create a niche set of loyal customers, which is continuously increasing in numbers. The net sales of Apple iPhones increased 9 percent from 156.5 dollars in 2012 to 170.9 billion dollars in 2013 (â€Å"Q1 2013 Unaudited Summary Data†). Overall units of iPhone sold were almost 150 millions in 2013 compared to 125 million in 2012 (â€Å"Q1 2013 Unaudited Summary Data†). Marketers and analysts have argued that increase in the sale of iPhone 5 is majorly due to its advanced software and greater facilities in terms of applications as well as attractive design. A survey including 4000 consumers from the US revealed that anticipation and rumours related to iPhone 6 has surpassed all other previously launched iPhones. Also, the number of consumers waiting to pre-order iPhone 6 is higher compared to that of iPhone 5 (â€Å"iPhone 5 Release Could Push Apple to 170 Million Units Sold Annually†). The release date of iPhone 6 is expected around September 2014, which is similar to other iPhone launches. Also, the new iPhone 6 will be available in two different sizes, along with a whole new design and advanced operating system. On the whole, Apple management is anticipating a huge revenue turnover following the launch of iPhone 6. In order to understand the sales forecast and trend for iPhone 6, the average global sales of iPhone after one month of its launch can be calculated. It is observed that a majority of the iPhone launches take place in August or September of a financial year. Furthermore, during these months, the festive season
Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara Essay
Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara - Essay Example Ernesto Guevara used the word as ‘comrade’ because he was deeply influenced by principles of Marxism. He was responsible for ending rule of then ruler Batista and was commander of his guerilla warfare force. He played key roles in government where he advocated his policies designed for welfare of people. He had travelled across countries in his younger days which he chronicles in his diaries. This travel brought him closer to people, which helped him understand their problems, poverty and life. His revolution extended to Bolivia where he met his end in a military execution. His ideology, philosophy, his deep love for his country and his martyrdom has made him a hero worldwide. His life and death are viewed as an enigma and his love and selfless efforts for the betterment of his people makes him the most revered revolutionary so far. Che was executed in Bolivia in the year 1967 at the age of thirty-nine. Military officers and leaders present in Bolivia during the time rem ember him to be very intelligent, calm and charismatic although his appearance was ragged and dirty. The book ‘I, Che Guevara’ starts from the day of execution of Che. This is a history based political fiction presumes that Che was not executed on October 9th, 1967. He disappeared only to reappear as an old man who has travelled across to spread message of revolution among people. He appears in coastal villages and starts having intellectual conversations with inhabitants, eventually bringing them together to form a political party. Author John Blackthorn has successfully established the premise in the book. John Blackthorn is an alias Gary Hart took up for writing novels. Representing Democratic Party he was elected as senator. Later he was a front runner candidate for Democratic Party for presidential elections. However he had to withdraw his nomination because of his alleged extra marital affair with model Donna Rice. He withdrew from active politics only to return a s consultant on national security. He has authored and co-authored many books under his alias John Blackthorn. His active role in government when he was elected helped him considerably while writing his books. ‘I, Che Guevara’ although a political fiction, is reflection of Hart’s creativity and understanding of international affairs, which makes the book an interesting read. History does not have ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’ and yet when we look back and reflect on the subject we find several dots to connect to make a complete picture. Che Guevara or Ernesto Guevara appears on the scene as Ernesto Blanco. Although he is old and white haired he still holds a charismatic personality and engaging talks. He travels throughout his country to find that there is no or minimal change in people. He hides himself from soldiers and military for a considerable time and when he realizes that people have nearly forgotten him then appears on the surface. The plot revolves around Che’s resurfacing, his bringing of people together in yet another revolution and leading people from the front. What do you think about Revolution in Cuba? I said. What revolution is that senor? They said. What revolution is that? That’s the revolution to save your skinny little ass! I said. Oh senor, they said, there is no revolution in the world that can save my skinny little ass. 1 There is an entire generation who gets inspired by Che’s fiery speeches and fights revolution shoulder to shoulder with him. However when he wants to question people about any such revolution,
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Microfinance Is The Panacea For Gender Empowerment Essay
Microfinance Is The Panacea For Gender Empowerment - Essay Example However, donors and advocates of microfinance constantly over-exaggerate the power of microfinance and related assistance while at the same time disregarding critical and deeply embedded concerns that can be regarded as apparent to the intertwining setback of poverty and empowerment of women. The present wave of euphoria over microfinance overlooks the salient question: since a majority of women has been inducted into microenterprises, why is women’s empowerment still elusive? It is apparent that microfinance is hardly a panacea for gender empowerment; besides, microfinance has failed to triumph over overbearing patriarchal structures that propel subordination of women at either households and/or society level. The paper examines the assertion â€Å"microfinance is the panacea for gender empowerment†, the associated problems/concerns, and available proof and appreciates that micro lending plays a critical function in revolutionizing women’s economic empowerment; however, microfinance possesses the possibility of adversely affecting the general health of gender empowerment endeavours, especially if it exclusively spotlights the financial aspect of women’s empowerment. The paper discovers that there has been an exaggeration regarding the gender empowerment impact of microfinance. In practice, however, microfinance is only a step in the long road of empowering poor rural women and not a panacea for gender empowerment. ... Remarkably, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution (A/60/210), recognizing the significance of microfinance in attaining the MDGs, outlining the significance of microfinance in attaining the MDGs, especially concerning goals 1 (reducing poverty) and goal 3 (revolving around gender parity and women’s empowerment). The accomplishment of some microlenders working with the poor, especially in Asia has put microlending high on the agenda of numerous development agencies. Numerous microfinance initiatives have been undertaken right from South America, to Asian and Africa, undoubtedly registering contrasting results (Onyuma and Shem 2005, p.199). Over the last two decades, microfinance initiatives have primarily been directed at poor women populations with the argument taking root on the question regarding whether microlending is, in essence, a decisive element to gender empowerment. This contest can be regarded as bordering west/south divide, and envelops theoretical analysis of studies touching on empowerment, especially on the link between microlending/microenterprise and gender empowerment that has constantly shaped microfinance discourse (Khandker 2005, p.263). The sociocultural landscape in target groups plays a critical function in shaping the results that can be derived from microenterprise projects and their relation to gender empowerment, rebutting one of the overriding hypotheses detailing that gender empowerment entails a routine result of micro lending (Mayoux 2002, p.77). In one phase of the continuum, proponents advance that microfinance bear constructive influences on aspects such as equality between genders, gender empowerment, and overall domestic/household wellbeing. In line with this thought, microfinance is considered as the
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara Essay
Book Analysis for the book I, Che Guevara - Essay Example Ernesto Guevara used the word as ‘comrade’ because he was deeply influenced by principles of Marxism. He was responsible for ending rule of then ruler Batista and was commander of his guerilla warfare force. He played key roles in government where he advocated his policies designed for welfare of people. He had travelled across countries in his younger days which he chronicles in his diaries. This travel brought him closer to people, which helped him understand their problems, poverty and life. His revolution extended to Bolivia where he met his end in a military execution. His ideology, philosophy, his deep love for his country and his martyrdom has made him a hero worldwide. His life and death are viewed as an enigma and his love and selfless efforts for the betterment of his people makes him the most revered revolutionary so far. Che was executed in Bolivia in the year 1967 at the age of thirty-nine. Military officers and leaders present in Bolivia during the time rem ember him to be very intelligent, calm and charismatic although his appearance was ragged and dirty. The book ‘I, Che Guevara’ starts from the day of execution of Che. This is a history based political fiction presumes that Che was not executed on October 9th, 1967. He disappeared only to reappear as an old man who has travelled across to spread message of revolution among people. He appears in coastal villages and starts having intellectual conversations with inhabitants, eventually bringing them together to form a political party. Author John Blackthorn has successfully established the premise in the book. John Blackthorn is an alias Gary Hart took up for writing novels. Representing Democratic Party he was elected as senator. Later he was a front runner candidate for Democratic Party for presidential elections. However he had to withdraw his nomination because of his alleged extra marital affair with model Donna Rice. He withdrew from active politics only to return a s consultant on national security. He has authored and co-authored many books under his alias John Blackthorn. His active role in government when he was elected helped him considerably while writing his books. ‘I, Che Guevara’ although a political fiction, is reflection of Hart’s creativity and understanding of international affairs, which makes the book an interesting read. History does not have ‘ifs’ and ‘buts’ and yet when we look back and reflect on the subject we find several dots to connect to make a complete picture. Che Guevara or Ernesto Guevara appears on the scene as Ernesto Blanco. Although he is old and white haired he still holds a charismatic personality and engaging talks. He travels throughout his country to find that there is no or minimal change in people. He hides himself from soldiers and military for a considerable time and when he realizes that people have nearly forgotten him then appears on the surface. The plot revolves around Che’s resurfacing, his bringing of people together in yet another revolution and leading people from the front. What do you think about Revolution in Cuba? I said. What revolution is that senor? They said. What revolution is that? That’s the revolution to save your skinny little ass! I said. Oh senor, they said, there is no revolution in the world that can save my skinny little ass. 1 There is an entire generation who gets inspired by Che’s fiery speeches and fights revolution shoulder to shoulder with him. However when he wants to question people about any such revolution,
Bahasa Indonesia Essay Example for Free
Bahasa Indonesia Essay My Educational background, academic and extra curricular and work experience are as follows. I am currently pursuing an international Baccalaureate education in Sekolah Pelita Harapan in Tangerang Indonesia that is equivalent to a 2 year diploma. The courses I have undertaken include business management (Higher Level / HL), English A2 (HL), Theatre Arts (HL), Bahasa Indonesia A1 (SL), Mathematics (SL), and Environmental Systems (SL). I hope to score a distinction on my final exam. I have been involved in extra curricular activities since primary level these include theater arts where I have participated in plays like the Sandbox by Edward Albee, Shakespearean Monologues and the Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde. My key role has been in charge of costume design, setting and construction. I have been involved in painting and drawing, participated in music especially playing the piano as well as learnt Japanese language. I have participated in many sporting events during my school time and received awards such as fitness where I was awarded with gold equivalent to the international standard, hockey as goal keeper, ice-skating and become first runners-up and basketball. I also participated in the athletics where I become third winner. Apart from sports, during my leisure time I get engaged in charity work such as volunteer as English teacher in local orphanages and organize special events like in Christmas 2007. I have participated and coordinated the Indonesia’s 2007 charity walk where we raised money to help flood victims for purchase of medicine and personal effects. In addition am involved in Sunday school teaching. During my summer holidays I work in the family businesses dealing in supplying of merchandise to companies in Indonesia and in the printing firm contracted by large companies. I have learnt a lot of business skills from my family members especially dad and grand father. They have introduced me to the business world which makes me consider expanding my knowledge and skills that will make me better and productive. I am applying for consideration for admission to FIDM in the following majors’ i. e merchandise marketing, visual communication and business management. I am aware that FIDM offers all these majors. I believe I will be able to undertake these courses so that I can sharpen my skills. For instance in Merchandise marketing I would like to get knowledge and skills about planning, purchasing, promotion of merchandise, technology application, human resource development and critical thinking among others. In Visual communications am much interested in acquiring skills in visual presentation, exhibition and trade show design, retail display, store keeping, event planning, trend analysis and computer graphics. While in business management am quite excited if I get these chance to broaden my knowledge on entrepreneurship, financial management, human resource management and organization, global influence, involvement and management. I have considered this field of profession since my childhood. I have thought about it over and over again for a long time. Given the fact that I was born in business environment, my interest for really integrating fashion and business tickles me. Am persuaded this is the area of my interest and career fulfillment. The reasons for me to chose this college among all your other choices is that Fashion Institute of Design Merchandising (FIDM) is an institute that is reputed internationally in the fashion industry. It has experience of over 35 years in teaching with a unique nature by which the college delivers its curriculum such as being industry driven and practically oriented to the present development. The institute has a diverse community of students and staff from different backgrounds which gives opportunity for broader understanding of global issues. It has well equipped academic materials. This exposure will enhance my understanding of global issues and help me appreciate diversity. The other support services provided such as international student support classes, work experience, transfer offers, student resources and career development services and opportunities such as networking, graduate alumni and career placement after college are other important reasons I would like to attend FIDM than other colleges. I consider this college as a place where I can gain knowledge and skills to help me in my career goals and future plans. After I have completed my college studies I would like to pursue a career in fashion industry especially costume design, creativity and business management. I like watching fashion modeling events with a keen eye on creative design. I have intention of creating my own designs that I would like to be involved in and become one of the world fashion designers. The exposure I have gained from family businesses I have worked and knowledge I expect to gain from attending FIDM will surely enhance my entrepreneurship skills and ambition to own a fashion store business with wide collection of world fashion designs. I would like also to pursue my education to an advanced level so that I can train and nature talents in my country. I am convinced that this is where I want to go and make an impact in the fashion industry. REFERENCES Fashion Institute of Design and Management. (2008). Curriculum. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http://www. fidm. edu/academics/majors/business-management/curriculum. html
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